The Impact of Natural Disasters on Child Health: A Comprehensive Review of Physical, Psychosocial, and Educational Outcomes

Abstract

Natural disasters pose significant threats to children’s physical, psychosocial, and educational well-being. This comprehensive narrative review examines the multidimensional impacts of disasters on child health, including acute physical injuries, infectious diseases, malnutrition, mental health disturbances, and disruptions in schooling. Evidence indicates that exposure during early childhood, and especially during fetal development, may lead to long-term adverse consequences such as growth retardation, cognitive impairments, and intergenerational health effects. Psychosocial outcomes — including post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, and behavioral problems — are particularly prominent among children exposed to severe disasters. Educational disruptions, increased child labor, and reduced school participation are commonly reported in developing countries. The review highlights socioeconomic inequalities as a critical determinant of vulnerability, with children from low-income families facing the highest risks. Strengthening disaster preparedness, ensuring rapid restoration of educational services, and implementing comprehensive psychosocial support programs are essential to mitigating these impacts. Child-centered disaster management policies are urgently needed to enhance resilience and promote long-term recovery.